An edge-based approach for virtual network embedding based on the graph edit distance.

Virtualization and resource isolation techniques have enabled the efficient sharing of networked resources. How to control network resource allocation accurately and flexibly has gradually become a research hotspot due to the growth in user demands. Therefore, this paper presents a new edge-based virtual network embedding approach to studying this problem that employs a graph edit distance method to accurately control resource usage. In particular, to manage network resources efficiently, we restrict the use conditions of network resources and restrict the structure based on common substructure isomorphism and an improved spider monkey optimization algorithm is employed to prune redundant information from the substrate network. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieves better performance than existing algorithms in terms of resource management capacity, including energy savings and the revenue-cost ratio.

High Resolution Membrane Structures within Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Vesicles Revealed by Combining X-Ray Scattering and Electron Microscopy.

Hybrid vesicles consisting of phospholipids and block-copolymers are increasingly finding applications in science and technology. Herein, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) are used to obtain detailed structural information about hybrid vesicles with different ratios of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and poly(1,2-butadiene-block-ethylene oxide) (PBd22 -PEO14 , Ms  = 1800 g mol-1 ). Using single particle analysis (SPA) the authors are able to further interpret the information gained from SAXS and cryo-ET experiments, showing that increasing PBd22 -PEO14 mole fraction increases the membrane thickness from 52 Å for a pure lipid system to 97 Å for pure PBd22 -PEO14 vesicles. Two vesicle populations with different membrane thicknesses in hybrid vesicle samples are found. As these lipids and polymers are reported to homogeneously mix, bistability is inferred between weak and strong interdigitation regimes of PBd22 -PEO14 within the hybrid membranes. It is hypothesized that membranes of intermediate structure are not energetically favorable. Therefore, each vesicle exists in one of these two membrane structures, which are assumed to have comparable free energies. The authors conclude that, by combining biophysical methods, accurate determination of the influence of composition on the structural properties of hybrid membranes is achieved, revealing that two distinct membranes structures can coexist in homogeneously mixed lipid-polymer hybrid vesicles.

Hyaluronic-Acid-Tagged Cubosomes Deliver Cytotoxics Specifically to CD44-Positive Cancer Cells.

Delivery of chemotherapy drugs specifically to cancer cells raises local drug doses in tumors and therefore kills more cancer cells while reducing side effects in other tissues, thereby improving oncological and quality of life outcomes. Cubosomes, liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles, are potential vehicles for delivery of chemotherapy drugs, presenting the advantages of biocompatibility, stable encapsulation, and high drug loading of hydrophobic or hydrophilic drugs. However, active targeting of drug-loaded cubosomes to cancer cells, as opposed to passive accumulation, remains relatively underexplored. We formulated and characterized cubosomes loaded with potential cancer drug copper acetylacetonate and functionalized their surfaces using click chemistry coupling with hyaluronic acid (HA), the ligand for the cell surface receptor CD44. CD44 is overexpressed in many cancer types including breast and colorectal. HA-tagged, copper-acetylacetonate-loaded cubosomes have an average hydrodynamic diameter of 152 nm, with an internal nanostructure based on the space group Im3m. These cubosomes were efficiently taken up by two CD44-expressing cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and HT29, representing breast and colon cancer) but not by two CD44-negative cell lines (MCF-7 breast cancer and HEK-293 kidney cells). HA-tagged cubosomes caused significantly more cell death than untargeted cubosomes in the CD44-positive cells, demonstrating the value of the targeting. CD44-negative cells were equally relatively resistant to both, demonstrating the specificity of the targeting. Cell death was characterized as apoptotic. Specific targeting and cell death were evident in both 2D culture and 3D spheroids. We conclude that HA-tagged, copper-acetylacetonate-loaded cubosomes show great potential as an effective therapeutic for selective targeting of CD44-expressing tumors.

Adjuvant Therapy With PD1/PDL1 Inhibitors for Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made a breakthrough in the systemic treatment of patients with advanced tumors. However, little is known about their efficacy and safety in adjuvant settings after the resection of solid tumors. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of programmed death 1 (PD1)/PD-1 ligand (PDL1) inhibitors in adjuvant therapy after tumor resection using Review Manager 5.3, based on published clinical studies. The outcomes included recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs). Results: Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the analysis. The use of PD1/PDL1 inhibitors in adjuvant therapy significantly improved RFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-0.78, p < 0.00001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in OS between PD1/PDL1 inhibitors and placebo (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.74-1.00, p = 0.05). Gender, age, and PDL1 status were independent predictors of RFS with PD1/PDL1 inhibitors. As for the safety analysis results, PD1/PDL1 inhibitors had a higher incidence of fatigue (risk ratio [RR] = 1.22; 95% CI 1.01-1.49, p = 0.04), nausea (RR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.11-1.94, p = 0.007), and pruritus (RR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.57-2.44, p < 0.00001). In addition, the incidence of any grade adverse events increased in the PD1/PDL1 inhibitor group (RR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.05, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This is the first meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of PD1/PDL1 inhibitors in adjuvant therapy. The use of PD1/PDL1 inhibitors in adjuvant therapy could significantly reduce the recurrence rate after solid tumor resection. However, the incidence of fatigue, nausea, pruritus, and any grade AEs also increased, which should be monitored with vigilance.

Affimer Tagged Cubosomes: Targeting of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Expressing Colorectal Cancer Cells Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models.

Nanomedicines, while having been approved for cancer therapy, present many challenges such as low stability, rapid clearance, and nonspecificity leading to off-target toxicity. Cubosomes are porous lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles that have shown great premise as drug delivery vehicles; however, their behavior in vivo is largely underexplored, hindering clinical translation. Here, we have engineered cubosomes based on the space group Im3m that are loaded with copper acetylacetonate as a model drug, and their surfaces are functionalized for the first time with Affimer proteins via copper-free click chemistry to actively target overexpressed carcinoembryonic antigens on LS174T colorectal cancer cells. Unlike nontargeted cubosomes, Affimer tagged cubosomes showed preferential accumulation in cancer cells compared to normal cells not only in vitro (2D monolayer cell culture and 3D spheroid models) but also in vivo in colorectal cancer mouse xenografts, while exhibiting low nonspecific absorption and toxicity in other vital organs. Cancerous spheroids had maximum cell death compared to noncancerous cells upon targeted delivery. Xenografts subjected to targeted drug-loaded cubosomes showed a 5-7-fold higher drug accumulation in the tumor tissue compared to the liver, kidneys, and other vital organs, a significant decrease in tumor growth, and an increased survival rate compared to the nontargeted group. This work encompasses the first thorough preclinical investigation of Affimer targeted cubosomes as a cancer therapeutic.

The Prognostic Value of ctDNA and bTMB on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Human Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels and blood tumor mutation burden (bTMB) have a significant impact on the prognosis of tumor patients. However, their prognostic role in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients is still unclear. METHODS: We used the Review Manager software (version 5.3) to perform a meta-analysis based on the published literature to explore the prognostic value of ctDNA and bTMB in patients receiving immunotherapy. We extracted the hazard ratios (HRs) of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for each included study and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values for analysis. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Higher ctDNA levels were significantly associated with shorter OS (HR = 3.35, 95%CI = 2.49-4.51, p < 0.00001) and PFS (HR = 3.28, 95%CI = 2.47-4.35, p < 0.00001). The results of ctDNA subgroup analysis showed that high posttreatment ctDNA levels significantly correlated with shorter OS in cancer patients receiving ICIs (HR = 5.09, 95%CI = 1.43-18.07, p = 0.01). Moreover, patients with ctDNA clearance had better OS (HR = 4.94, 95%CI = 2.96-8.26, p < 0.00001). Patients with high posttreatment ctDNA levels had shorter PFS (HR = 3.00, 95%CI = 2.02-4.46, p < 0.00001) and those with ctDNA clearance had longer PFS (HR = 4.61, 95%CI = 2.78-7.65, p < 0.00001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the OS benefits between a high and a low bTMB after ICI therapy (HR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.33-1.37, p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The host immune system and tumor burden together determine whether cancer patients can benefit from ICI therapy. Our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed for the first time that the levels of pretreatment and posttreatment ctDNA and the clearance of ctDNA can independently be used as prognostic factors for antitumor immunotherapy, while bTMB cannot. In conclusion, ctDNA levels have great potential as an assistant tool for radiological assessments to make clinical therapeutic decisions. The prognostic utility of bTMB still requires further exploration.

Breaking Isolation to Form New Networks: pH-Triggered Changes in Connectivity inside Lipid Nanoparticles.

There is a growing demand to develop smart nanomaterials that are structure-responsive as they have the potential to offer enhanced dose, temporal and spatial control of compounds and chemical processes. The naturally occurring pH gradients found throughout the body make pH an attractive stimulus for guiding the response of a nanocarrier to specific locations or (sub)cellular compartments in the body. Here we have engineered highly sensitive lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles that reversibly respond to changes in pH by altering the connectivity within their structure at physiological temperatures. At pH 7.4, the nanoparticles have an internal structure consisting of discontinuous inverse micellar "aqueous pockets" based on space group Fd3m. When the pH is ≤6, the nanoparticles change from a compartmentalized to an accessible porous internal structure based on a 2D inverse hexagonal phase (plane group p6mm). We validate the internal symmetry of the nanoparticles using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The high-resolution electron microscopy images obtained have allowed us for the first time to directly visualize the internal structure of the Fd3m nanoparticles and resolve the two different-sized inverse micelles that make up the structural motif within the Fd3m unit cell, which upon structural analysis reveal excellent agreement with theoretical geometrical models.

Prognostic Impact of Memory CD8(+) T Cells on Immunotherapy in Human Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prognostic value of memory CD8(+) T cells in cancer patients with immunotherapy. METHODS: EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Web of Science databases were searched to identify suitabile articles published before March 2021. Risk of bias on the study level was assessed using the Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment Tool. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pooled progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using RevMan 5.4 to evaluate the prognostic impact of memory CD8(+) T cells. RESULTS: In total, nine studies were included in the final analysis. High levels of memory CD8(+) T cells were significantly closely correlated with better progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients with immunotherapy (PFS, HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53-0.78; OS, HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.65). Memory CD8(+) T cells still have significant prognostic value in cancer patients given immunotherapy alone after excluding of other interfering factors such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy (PFS, HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.89; OS, HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.13-0.42). However, high memory CD8(+) T cells levels did not correspond to a longer PFS or OS in cancer patients with non-immunotherapy (PFS, HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.63-1.73; OS, HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.48-3.48). Thus, memory CD8(+) T cells might be a promising predictor in cancer patients with immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The host's overall immune status, and not only the tumor itself, should be considered to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients. This study is the first to show the significant prognostic value of memory CD8(+) T cells in immunotherapy of cancer patients through systematic review and meta-analysis. Thus, the detection of memory CD8(+) T cells has a considerable value in clinical practice in cancer patients with immunotherapy. Memory CD8(+) T cells may be promising immunotherapy targets.

Combination of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Radiotherapy for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) combined with radiotherapy (RT) have emerged as a breakthrough therapy in the treatment of various cancers. The combination has a strong rationale, but data on their efficacy and safety are still limited. Hence, we comprehensively searched the database and performed this study to elucidate the clinical manifestations of this combined strategy. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized trials that compared ICI plus RT with placebo plus RT or ICI alone for the treatment of advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and prostate cancer. The outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR), and treatment-related adverse events. A fixed-effects or random-effects model was adopted depending on between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS: Three trials involving 1584 patients were included. ICI plus RT was significantly associated with improvement of OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.94, P=0.004), PFS (HR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.56-0.72, P < 0.00001), and DCR (relative risk [RR] = 1.38; 95% CI 1.03-1.84, P=0.03). A significant predictor for PFS with the combination of ICI and RT was age, as a significant improvement in PFS (HR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.37-0.64, P < 0.00001) was observed in NSCLC patients aged under 65 years. In safety analyses, patients receiving ICI plus RT had a significantly higher incidence of dyspnea (RR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.16-5.08, P=0.02) and pneumonitis of grade 3 or higher (RR = 2.78; 95% CI 1.32-5.85, P=0.007). CONCLUSION: The combination of ICI and RT was associated with improved OS, PFS, and DCR. Patients under 65 years will be the dominant beneficiaries. However, the incidence of dyspnea and pneumonia of grade 3 or higher also increased, which deserves our vigilance.

Mutated SASH1 promotes Mitf expression in a heterozygous mutated SASH1 knock­in mouse model.

The SAM and SH3 domain­containing 1 (SASH1) genes have been identified as the causal genes of dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH); these genes cause the pathological phenotypes of DUH, and SASH1 variants have been shown to regulate the abnormal pigmentation phenotype in human skin in various genodermatoses. However, investigations into the mutated SASH1 gene have been limited to in vitro studies. In the present study, to recapitulate the molecular pathological phenotypes of individuals with DUH induced by SASH1 mutations, a heterozygous BALB/c mouse model, in which the human SASH1 c.1654 T>G (p. Tyr 551Asp, Y551D) mutation was knocked in was first generated. The in vivo functional experiments on Y551D SASH1 indicated that the increased expression of microphthalmia­associated transcription factor (Mitf) was uniformly induced in the tails of heterozygous BALB/c mice, and an increased quantity of Mitf­positive epithelial cells was also detected. An increased expression of Mitf­ and Mitf­positive cells was also demonstrated in the epithelial tissues of Y551D­SASH1 affected individuals. In the present study, Mitf expression was also found to be increased by Y551D SASH1 in vitro. Taken together, these findings indicate that the upregulation of Mitf is the bona fide effector of the Y551D SASH1­mediated melanogenesis signaling pathway in vivo. SASH1 may function as a scaffold molecule for the assembly of a SASH1­Mitf molecular complex to regulate Mitf expression in the cell nucleus and thus to promote the hyperpigmented phenotype in the pathogenesis of DUH and other genodermatoses related to pigment abnormalities.

A Sensitive Fluorescence Biosensor for Silver Ions (Ag+) Detection Based on C-Ag+-C Structure and Exonuclease III-Assisted Dual-Recycling Amplification.

A C-Ag+-C structure-based fluorescence biosensor with novel combination design of exonuclease III (Exo III) dual-recycling amplification is proposed for the application of silver ions (Ag+) detection. Since oligo-1 involves C-C mismatches, the presence of Ag+ can be captured to form C-Ag+-C base pairs, which results in a double-helix structure with a blunt terminus. The double-helix structure can be cleaved by EXO III to release short mononucleotide fragments (trigger DNA) and Ag+. Released Ag+ can form new bindings with oligo-1, and other trigger DNA can be produced in the digestion cycles. Hybridization with the signal DNA (oligo-2) transforms a trigger DNA into double-stranded DNA with blunt terminus which can be cleaved by Exo III to reproduce the trigger DNA and form guanine- (G-) quadruplex DNA. The trigger DNA returns free to the solution and hybridizes with another signal DNA, which realizes the dual-recycling amplification. The G-quadruplex DNA can be reported by N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM), a specific G-quadruplex DNA fluorochrome. This method allows Ag+ to be determined in the 5 to 1500 pmol/L concentration range, with a 2 pmol/L detection limit, and it has been successfully applied to the detection of Ag+ in real samples.